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Cookbook

Filesystem​

Copy a directory or remote repository to a container​

The following Dagger Function accepts a Directory argument, which could reference either a directory from the local filesystem or from a remote Git repository. It copies the specified directory to the /src path in a container and returns the modified container.

note

When working with private Git repositories, ensure that SSH authentication is properly configured on your Dagger host.

package main

import (
	"context"

	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Return a container with a specified directory
func (m *MyModule) CopyDirectory(
	ctx context.Context,
	// Source directory
	source *dagger.Directory,
) *dagger.Container {
	return dag.Container().
		From("alpine:latest").
		WithDirectory("/src", source)
}

Examples​

  • Copy the /myapp host directory to /src in the container and return the modified container:

    dagger call copy-directory --source=./myapp/

  • Copy the public dagger/dagger GitHub repository to /src in the container and return the modified container:

    dagger call copy-directory --source=github.com/dagger/dagger#main

  • Copy the private user/foo GitHub repository to /src in the container and return the modified container:

    dagger call copy-directory --source=ssh://git@github.com/user/foo#main

  • Copy the public dagger/dagger GitHub repository to /src in the container and list the contents of the directory:

    dagger call copy-directory --source=https://github.com/dagger/dagger#main  directory --path=/src entries

Modify a copied directory or remote repository in a container​

The following Dagger Function accepts a Directory argument, which could reference either a directory from the local filesystem or from a remote Git repository. It copies the specified directory to the /src path in a container, adds a file to it, and returns the modified container.

note

Modifications made to a directory's contents after it is written to a container filesystem do not appear on the source. Data flows only one way between Dagger operations, because they are connected in a DAG. To transfer modifications back to the local host, you must explicitly export the directory back to the host filesystem.

note

When working with private Git repositories, ensure that SSH authentication is properly configured on your Dagger host.

package main

import (
	"context"

	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Return a container with a specified directory and an additional file
func (m *MyModule) CopyAndModifyDirectory(
	ctx context.Context,
	// Source directory
	source *dagger.Directory,
) *dagger.Container {
	return dag.Container().
		From("alpine:latest").
		WithDirectory("/src", source).
		WithExec([]string{"/bin/sh", "-c", `echo foo > /src/foo`})
}

Examples​

  • Copy the /myapp host directory to /src in the container, add a file to it, and return the modified container:

    dagger call copy-and-modify-directory --source=./myapp/

  • Copy the public dagger/dagger GitHub repository to /src in the container, add a file to it, and return the modified container:

    dagger call copy-and-modify-directory --source=github.com/dagger/dagger#main

  • Copy the private user/foo GitHub repository to /src in the container, add a file to it, and return the modified container:

    dagger call copy-and-modify-directory --source=ssh://git@github.com/user/foo#main

  • Copy the public dagger/dagger GitHub repository to /src in the container, add a file to it, and list the contents of the directory:

    dagger call copy-and-modify-directory --source=https://github.com/dagger/dagger#main directory --path=/src entries

Copy a file to a container​

The following Dagger Function accepts a File argument representing the host file to be copied. It writes the specified file to a container in the /src/ directory and returns the modified container.

package main

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"

	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Return a container with a specified file
func (m *MyModule) CopyFile(
	ctx context.Context,
	// Source file
	f *dagger.File,
) *dagger.Container {
	name, _ := f.Name(ctx)
	return dag.Container().
		From("alpine:latest").
		WithFile(fmt.Sprintf("/src/%s", name), f)
}

Example​

  • Copy the /home/admin/archives.zip file on the host to the /src directory in the container and return the modified container:

    dagger call copy-file --f=/home/admin/archives.zip

  • Copy the /home/admin/archives.zip file on the host to the /src directory in the container and list the contents of the directory:

    dagger call copy-file --f=/home/admin/archives.zip directory --path=/src entries

Copy a subset of a directory or remote repository to a container​

The following Dagger Function accepts a Directory argument, which could reference either a directory from the local filesystem or from a remote Git repository. It copies the specified directory to the /src path in a container, using wildcard patterns to exclude specified sub-directories and files, and returns the modified container.

note

When working with private Git repositories, ensure that SSH authentication is properly configured on your Dagger host.

package main

import (
	"context"

	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Return a container with a filtered directory
func (m *MyModule) CopyDirectoryWithExclusions(
	ctx context.Context,
	// Source directory
	source *dagger.Directory,
	// Directory exclusion pattern
	// +optional
	excludeDirectoryPattern string,
	// +optional
	// File exclusion pattern
	excludeFilePattern string,
) *dagger.Container {
	filteredSource := source.
		WithoutDirectory(excludeDirectoryPattern).
		WithoutFile(excludeFilePattern)
	return dag.Container().
		From("alpine:latest").
		WithDirectory("/src", filteredSource)
}

Examples​

  • Copy the current host directory to /src in the container, excluding the dagger sub-directory and the dagger.json file, and return the modified container:

    dagger call copy-directory-with-exclusions --source=. --exclude-directory=dagger --exclude-file=dagger.json

  • Copy the public dagger/dagger GitHub repository to /src in the container, excluding all Markdown files, and list the contents of the directory:

    dagger call copy-directory-with-exclusions --source=https://github.com/dagger/dagger#main --exclude-file='*.md' directory --path=/src entries

  • Copy the private user/foo GitHub repository to /src in the container, excluding all Markdown files, and list the contents of the directory:

    dagger call copy-directory-with-exclusions --source=ssh://git@github.com/user/foo#main --exclude-file='*.md' directory --path=/src entries

Copy a file to the Dagger module runtime container for custom processing​

The following Dagger Function accepts a File argument and copies the specified file to the Dagger module runtime container. This makes it possible to add one or more files to the runtime container and manipulate them using custom logic.

package main

import (
	"context"
	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"
	"fmt"
	"os"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Copy a file to the Dagger module runtime container for custom processing
func (m *MyModule) CopyFile(ctx context.Context, source *dagger.File) {
	source.Export(ctx, "foo.txt")
	// your custom logic here
	// for example, read and print the file in the Dagger Engine container
	fmt.Println(os.ReadFile("foo.txt"))
}

Example​

Copy the data.json host file to the runtime container and process it:

dagger call copy-file --source=../data.json

Builds​

Perform a multi-stage build​

The following Dagger Function performs a multi-stage build.

package main

import (
	"context"

	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Build and publish Docker container
func (m *MyModule) Build(
	ctx context.Context,
	// source code location
	// can be local directory or remote Git repository
	src *dagger.Directory,
) (string, error) {
	// build app
	builder := dag.Container().
		From("golang:latest").
		WithDirectory("/src", src).
		WithWorkdir("/src").
		WithEnvVariable("CGO_ENABLED", "0").
		WithExec([]string{"go", "build", "-o", "myapp"})

	// publish binary on alpine base
	prodImage := dag.Container().
		From("alpine").
		WithFile("/bin/myapp", builder.File("/src/myapp")).
		WithEntrypoint([]string{"/bin/myapp"})

	// publish to ttl.sh registry
	addr, err := prodImage.Publish(ctx, "ttl.sh/myapp:latest")
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	return addr, nil
}

Example​

Perform a multi-stage build of the source code in the golang/example/hello repository and publish the resulting image:

dagger call build --src="https://github.com/golang/example#master:hello"

Perform a matrix build​

The following Dagger Function performs a matrix build.

package main

import (
	"context"
	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"
	"fmt"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Build and return directory of go binaries
func (m *MyModule) Build(
	ctx context.Context,
	// Source code location
	src *dagger.Directory,
) *dagger.Directory {
	// define build matrix
	gooses := []string{"linux", "darwin"}
	goarches := []string{"amd64", "arm64"}

	// create empty directory to put build artifacts
	outputs := dag.Directory()

	golang := dag.Container().
		From("golang:latest").
		WithDirectory("/src", src).
		WithWorkdir("/src")

	for _, goos := range gooses {
		for _, goarch := range goarches {
			// create directory for each OS and architecture
			path := fmt.Sprintf("build/%s/%s/", goos, goarch)

			// build artifact
			build := golang.
				WithEnvVariable("GOOS", goos).
				WithEnvVariable("GOARCH", goarch).
				WithExec([]string{"go", "build", "-o", path})

			// add build to outputs
			outputs = outputs.WithDirectory(path, build.Directory(path))
		}
	}

	// return build directory
	return outputs
}

Example​

Perform a matrix build of the source code in the golang/example/hello repository and export build directory with go binaries for different operating systems and architectures.

dagger call build \
  --src="https://github.com/golang/example#master:hello" \
  export --path /tmp/matrix-builds

Inspect the contents of the exported directory with tree /tmp/matrix-builds. The output should look like this:

/tmp/matrix-builds
└── build
    ├── darwin
    │   ├── amd64
    │   │   └── hello
    │   └── arm64
    │       └── hello
    └── linux
        ├── amd64
        │   └── hello
        └── arm64
            └── hello

8 directories, 4 files

Build multi-arch image​

The following Dagger Function builds a single image for different CPU architectures using native emulation.

package main

import (
	"context"

	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Build and publish multi-platform image
func (m *MyModule) Build(
	ctx context.Context,
	// Source code location
	// can be local directory or remote Git repository
	src *dagger.Directory,
) (string, error) {
	// platforms to build for and push in a multi-platform image
	var platforms = []dagger.Platform{
		"linux/amd64", // a.k.a. x86_64
		"linux/arm64", // a.k.a. aarch64
		"linux/s390x", // a.k.a. IBM S/390
	}

	// container registry for the multi-platform image
	const imageRepo = "ttl.sh/myapp:latest"

	platformVariants := make([]*dagger.Container, 0, len(platforms))
	for _, platform := range platforms {
		// pull golang image for this platform
		ctr := dag.Container(dagger.ContainerOpts{Platform: platform}).
			From("golang:1.20-alpine").
			// mount source code
			WithDirectory("/src", src).
			// mount empty dir where built binary will live
			WithDirectory("/output", dag.Directory()).
			// ensure binary will be statically linked and thus executable
			// in the final image
			WithEnvVariable("CGO_ENABLED", "0").
			// build binary and put result at mounted output directory
			WithWorkdir("/src").
			WithExec([]string{"go", "build", "-o", "/output/hello"})

		// select output directory
		outputDir := ctr.Directory("/output")

		// wrap the output directory in the new empty container marked
		// with the same platform
		binaryCtr := dag.Container(dagger.ContainerOpts{Platform: platform}).
			WithRootfs(outputDir)

		platformVariants = append(platformVariants, binaryCtr)
	}

	// publish to registry
	imageDigest, err := dag.Container().
		Publish(ctx, imageRepo, dagger.ContainerPublishOpts{
			PlatformVariants: platformVariants,
		})

	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	// return build directory
	return imageDigest, nil
}

Example​

Build and publish a multi-platform image:

dagger call build --src="https://github.com/golang/example#master:hello"

Build multi-arch image with cross-compliation​

The following Dagger Function builds a single image for different CPU architectures using cross-compilation.

info

This Dagger Function uses the containerd utility module. To run it locally install the module first with dagger install github.com/levlaz/daggerverse/containerd@v0.1.2

package main

import (
	"context"

	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Build and publish multi-platform image
func (m *MyModule) Build(
	ctx context.Context,
	// Source code location
	// can be local directory or remote Git repository
	src *dagger.Directory,
) (string, error) {
	// platforms to build for and push in a multi-platform image
	var platforms = []dagger.Platform{
		"linux/amd64", // a.k.a. x86_64
		"linux/arm64", // a.k.a. aarch64
		"linux/s390x", // a.k.a. IBM S/390
	}

	// container registry for the multi-platform image
	const imageRepo = "ttl.sh/myapp:latest"

	platformVariants := make([]*dagger.Container, 0, len(platforms))
	for _, platform := range platforms {
		// parse architecture using containerd utility module
		platformArch, err := dag.Containerd().ArchitectureOf(ctx, platform)

		if err != nil {
			return "", err
		}

		// pull golang image for the *host* platform, this is done by
		// not specifying the a platform. The default is the host platform.
		ctr := dag.Container().
			From("golang:1.21-alpine").
			// mount source code
			WithDirectory("/src", src).
			// mount empty dir where built binary will live
			WithDirectory("/output", dag.Directory()).
			// ensure binary will be statically linked and thus executable
			// in the final image
			WithEnvVariable("CGO_ENABLED", "0").
			// configure go compiler to use cross-compilation targeting the
			// desired platform
			WithEnvVariable("GOOS", "linux").
			WithEnvVariable("GOARCH", platformArch).
			// build binary and put result at mounted output directory
			WithWorkdir("/src").
			WithExec([]string{"go", "build", "-o", "/output/hello"})

		// select output directory
		outputDir := ctr.Directory("/output")

		// wrap the output directory in the new empty container marked
		// with the same platform
		binaryCtr := dag.Container(dagger.ContainerOpts{Platform: platform}).
			WithRootfs(outputDir).
			WithEntrypoint([]string{"/hello"})

		platformVariants = append(platformVariants, binaryCtr)
	}

	// publish to registry
	imageDigest, err := dag.Container().
		Publish(ctx, imageRepo, dagger.ContainerPublishOpts{
			PlatformVariants: platformVariants,
		})

	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	// return build directory
	return imageDigest, nil
}

Example​

Build and publish a multi-platform image with cross compliation:

dagger call build --src="https://github.com/golang/example#master:hello"

Build image from Dockerfile​

The following Dagger Function builds an image from a Dockerfile.

package main

import (
	"context"

	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Build and publish image from existing Dockerfile
func (m *MyModule) Build(
	ctx context.Context,
	// location of directory containing Dockerfile
	src *dagger.Directory,
) (string, error) {
	ref, err := dag.Container().
		WithDirectory("/src", src).
		WithWorkdir("/src").
		Directory("/src").
		DockerBuild(). // build from Dockerfile
		Publish(ctx, "ttl.sh/hello-dagger")

	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	return ref, nil
}

Example​

Build and publish an image from an existing Dockerfile

dagger call build --src https://github.com/dockersamples/python-flask-redis

Build image from Dockerfile using different build context​

The following function builds an image from a Dockerfile with a build context that is different than the current working directory.

package main

import (
	"context"
	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Build and publish image from Dockerfile using a build context directory
// in a different location than the current working directory
func (m *MyModule) Build(
	ctx context.Context,
	// location of source directory
	src *dagger.Directory,
	// location of Dockerfile
	dockerfile *dagger.File,
) (string, error) {

	// get build context with dockerfile added
	workspace := dag.Container().
		WithDirectory("/src", src).
		WithWorkdir("/src").
		WithFile("/src/custom.Dockerfile", dockerfile).
		Directory("/src")

	// build using Dockerfile and publish to registry
	ref, err := dag.Container().
		Build(workspace, dagger.ContainerBuildOpts{
			Dockerfile: "custom.Dockerfile",
		}).
		Publish(ctx, "ttl.sh/hello-dagger")

	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	return ref, nil
}

Example​

Build an image from the source code in https://github.com/dockersamples/python-flask-redis using the Dockerfile from a different build context, at https://github.com/vimagick/dockerfiles#master:registry-cli/Dockerfile:

dagger call build \
  --src "https://github.com/dockersamples/python-flask-redis" \
  --dockerfile https://github.com/vimagick/dockerfiles#master:registry-cli/Dockerfile

Add OCI labels to image​

The following Dagger Function adds OpenContainer Initiative (OCI) labels to an image.

package main

import (
	"context"
	"time"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Build and publish image with oci labels
func (m *MyModule) Build(
	ctx context.Context,
) (string, error) {
	ref, err := dag.Container().
		From("alpine").
		WithLabel("org.opencontainers.image.title", "my-alpine").
		WithLabel("org.opencontainers.image.version", "1.0").
		WithLabel("org.opencontainers.image.created", time.Now().String()).
		WithLabel("org.opencontainers.image.source", "https://github.com/alpinelinux/docker-alpine").
		WithLabel("org.opencontainers.image.licenses", "MIT").
		Publish(ctx, "ttl.sh/my-alpine")

	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	return ref, nil
}

Example​

Build and publish an image with OCI labels:

dagger call build

Invalidate cache​

The following function demonstrates how to invalidate the Dagger layer cache and force execution of subsequent pipeline steps, by introducing a volatile time variable at a specific point in the Dagger pipeline.

note
  • This is a temporary workaround until cache invalidation support is officially added to Dagger.
  • Changes in mounted cache volumes or secrets do not invalidate the Dagger layer cache.
package main

import (
	"context"
	"time"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Run a build with cache invalidation
func (m *MyModule) Build(
	ctx context.Context,
) (string, error) {
	output, err := dag.Container().
		From("alpine").
		// comment out the line below to see the cached date output
		WithEnvVariable("CACHEBUSTER", time.Now().String()).
		WithExec([]string{"date"}).
		Stdout(ctx)

	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	return output, nil
}

Example​

Print the date and time, invalidating the cache on each run. However, if the CACHEBUSTER environment variable is removed, the same value (the date and time on the first run) is printed on every run.

dagger call build

Secrets​

Use secret variables​

The following Dagger Function accepts a GitHub personal access token as a Secret, and uses the Secret to authorize a request to the GitHub API. The secret may be sourced from a host environment variable, host file, or host command execution.

package main

import (
	"context"

	"main/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Query the GitHub API
func (m *MyModule) GithubApi(
	ctx context.Context,
	// GitHub API token
	token *dagger.Secret,
) (string, error) {
	return dag.Container().
		From("alpine:3.17").
		WithSecretVariable("GITHUB_API_TOKEN", token).
		WithExec([]string{"apk", "add", "curl"}).
		WithExec([]string{"sh", "-c", `curl "https://api.github.com/repos/dagger/dagger/issues" --header "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" --header "Authorization: Bearer $GITHUB_API_TOKEN"`}).
		Stdout(ctx)
}

Examples​

  • Query the API using a secret sourced from an environment variable:

    dagger call github-api --token=env:GITHUB_API_TOKEN

  • Query the API using a secret sourced from a file:

    dagger call github-api --token=file:./github.txt

  • Query the API using a secret sourced from a command:

    dagger call github-api --token=cmd:"gh auth token"

Mount files as secrets​

The following Dagger Function accepts a GitHub hosts configuration file as a Secret, and mounts the file as a Secret to a container to authorize a request to GitHub.

package main

import (
	"context"

	"main/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Query the GitHub API
func (m *MyModule) GithubAuth(
	ctx context.Context,
	// GitHub Hosts configuration file
	ghCreds *dagger.Secret,
) (string, error) {
	return dag.Container().
		From("alpine:3.17").
		WithExec([]string{"apk", "add", "github-cli"}).
		WithMountedSecret("/root/.config/gh/hosts.yml", ghCreds).
		WithWorkdir("/root").
		WithExec([]string{"gh", "auth", "status"}).
		Stdout(ctx)
}

Example​

Query the GitHub API using a mounted secret file:

dagger call github-auth \
    --gh-creds=file:$HOME/.config/gh/hosts.yml

Use secret in Dockerfile build​

The following code listing demonstrates how to inject a secret into a Dockerfile build. The secret is automatically mounted in the build container at /run/secrets/SECRET-ID.

package main

import (
	"context"

	"main/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Build a Container from a Dockerfile
func (m *MyModule) Build(
	ctx context.Context,
	// The source code to build
	source *dagger.Directory,
	// The secret to use in the Dockerfile
	secret *dagger.Secret,
) (*dagger.Container, error) {
	// Ensure the Dagger secret's name matches what the Dockerfile
	// expects as the id for the secret mount.
	secretVal, err := secret.Plaintext(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	buildSecret := dag.SetSecret("gh-secret", secretVal)

	return source.
		DockerBuild(dagger.DirectoryDockerBuildOpts{
			Secrets: []*dagger.Secret{buildSecret},
		}), nil
}

The sample Dockerfile below demonstrates the process of mounting the secret using a secret filesystem mount type and using it in the Dockerfile build process:

FROM alpine:3.17
RUN apk add curl
RUN --mount=type=secret,id=gh-secret \
    curl "https://api.github.com/repos/dagger/dagger/issues" \
        --header "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
        --header "Authorization: Bearer $(cat /run/secrets/gh-secret)"

Example​

Build from a Dockerfile with a mounted secret:

dagger call build --source=. --secret=env:GITHUB_API_TOKEN

Services​

Bind and use services in Dagger Functions​

The first Dagger Function below creates and returns an HTTP service. This service is bound and used from a different Dagger Function, via a service binding using an alias like www.

package main

import (
	"context"
	"main/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Start and return an HTTP service
func (m *MyModule) HttpService() *dagger.Service {
	return dag.Container().
		From("python").
		WithWorkdir("/srv").
		WithNewFile("index.html", "Hello, world!").
		WithExec([]string{"python", "-m", "http.server", "8080"}).
		WithExposedPort(8080).
		AsService()
}

// Send a request to an HTTP service and return the response
func (m *MyModule) Get(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
	return dag.Container().
		From("alpine").
		WithServiceBinding("www", m.HttpService()).
		WithExec([]string{"wget", "-O-", "http://www:8080"}).
		Stdout(ctx)
}

Example​

Send a request from one Dagger Function to a bound HTTP service instantiated by a different Dagger Function:

dagger call get

Expose services in Dagger Functions to the host​

The Dagger Function below creates and returns an HTTP service. This service can be used from the host.

package main

import "main/internal/dagger"

type MyModule struct{}

// Start and return an HTTP service
func (m *MyModule) HttpService() *dagger.Service {
	return dag.Container().
		From("python").
		WithWorkdir("/srv").
		WithNewFile("index.html", "Hello, world!").
		WithExec([]string{"python", "-m", "http.server", "8080"}).
		WithExposedPort(8080).
		AsService()
}

Examples​

  • Expose the HTTP service instantiated by a Dagger Function to the host on the default port:

    dagger call http-service up

    # access the service from the host
    curl localhost:8080

  • Expose the HTTP service instantiated by a Dagger Function to the host on a different host port:

    dagger call  http-service up --ports 9000:8080

    # access the service from the host
    curl localhost:9000

Expose host services to Dagger Functions​

The following Dagger Function accepts a Service running on the host, binds it using an alias, and creates a client to access it via the service binding. This example uses a MariaDB database service running on host port 3306, aliased as db in the Dagger Function.

note

This implies that a service is already listening on a port on the host, out-of-band of Dagger.

package main

import (
	"context"
	"main/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Send a query to a MariaDB service and return the response
func (m *MyModule) UserList(
	ctx context.Context,
	// Host service
	svc *dagger.Service,
) (string, error) {
	return dag.Container().
		From("mariadb:10.11.2").
		WithServiceBinding("db", svc).
		WithExec([]string{"/usr/bin/mysql", "--user=root", "--password=secret", "--host=db", "-e", "SELECT Host, User FROM mysql.user"}).
		Stdout(ctx)
}

Example​

Send a query to the database service listening on host port 3306 and return the result as a string:

# assumes a service is listening on host port 3306
dagger call user-list --svc=tcp://localhost:3306

Create a transient service for unit tests​

The following Dagger Function creates a service and binds it to an application container for unit testing. In this example, the application being tested is Drupal. Drupal includes a large number of unit tests, including tests which depend on an active database service. This database service is created on-the-fly by the Dagger Function.

package main

import (
	"context"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Run unit tests against a database service
func (m *MyModule) Test(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
	mariadb := dag.Container().
		From("mariadb:10.11.2").
		WithEnvVariable("MARIADB_USER", "user").
		WithEnvVariable("MARIADB_PASSWORD", "password").
		WithEnvVariable("MARIADB_DATABASE", "drupal").
		WithEnvVariable("MARIADB_ROOT_PASSWORD", "root").
		WithExposedPort(3306).
		AsService()

	// get Drupal base image
	// install additional dependencies
	drupal := dag.Container().
		From("drupal:10.0.7-php8.2-fpm").
		WithExec([]string{"composer", "require", "drupal/core-dev", "--dev", "--update-with-all-dependencies"})

	// add service binding for MariaDB
	// run kernel tests using PHPUnit
	return drupal.
		WithServiceBinding("db", mariadb).
		WithEnvVariable("SIMPLETEST_DB", "mysql://user:password@db/drupal").
		WithEnvVariable("SYMFONY_DEPRECATIONS_HELPER", "disabled").
		WithWorkdir("/opt/drupal/web/core").
		WithExec([]string{"../../vendor/bin/phpunit", "-v", "--group", "KernelTests"}).
		Stdout(ctx)
}

Example​

Run Drupal's unit tests, instantiating a database service during the process:

dagger call test

Start and stop services​

The following Dagger Function demonstrates how to control a service's lifecycle by explicitly starting and stopping a service. This example uses a Redis service.

package main

import (
	"context"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Explicitly start and stop a Redis service
func (m *MyModule) RedisService(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
	redisSrv := dag.Container().
		From("redis").
		WithExposedPort(6379).
		AsService()

	// start Redis ahead of time so it stays up for the duration of the test
	redisSrv, err := redisSrv.Start(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	// stop the service when done
	defer redisSrv.Stop(ctx)

	// create Redis client container
	redisCLI := dag.Container().
		From("redis").
		WithServiceBinding("redis-srv", redisSrv)

	args := []string{"redis-cli", "-h", "redis-srv"}

	// set value
	setter, err := redisCLI.
		WithExec(append(args, "set", "foo", "abc")).
		Stdout(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	// get value
	getter, err := redisCLI.
		WithExec(append(args, "get", "foo")).
		Stdout(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	return setter + getter, nil
}

Example​

Start and stop a Redis service:

dagger call redis-service

Create interdependent services​

The following Dagger Function runs two services, service A and service B, that depend on each other. The services are set up with custom hostnames, svca and svcb, allowing each service to communicate with the other by hostname.

package main

import (
	"context"
	"main/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Run two services which are dependent on each other
func (m *MyModule) Services(ctx context.Context) (*dagger.Service, error) {

	svcA := dag.Container().From("nginx").
		WithExposedPort(80).
		WithExec([]string{"sh", "-c", `
	nginx & while true; do curl svcb:80 && sleep 1; done
			`}).
		AsService().WithHostname("svca")

	_, err := svcA.Start(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	svcB := dag.Container().From("nginx").
		WithExposedPort(80).
		WithExec([]string{"sh", "-c", `
nginx & while true; do curl svca:80 && sleep 1; done
			`}).
		AsService().WithHostname("svcb")

	svcB, err = svcB.Start(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return svcB, nil
}

Example​

Start two inter-dependent services:

dagger call services up --ports 8080:80

Just-in-time artifacts​

Publish a container image to a private registry​

The following Dagger Function publishes a just-in-time container image to a private registry.

package main

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"

	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Publish a container image to a private registry
func (m *MyModule) Publish(
	ctx context.Context,
	// Registry address
	registry string,
	// Registry username
	username string,
	// Registry password
	password *dagger.Secret,
) (string, error) {
	return dag.Container().
		From("nginx:1.23-alpine").
		WithNewFile(
			"/usr/share/nginx/html/index.html",
			"Hello from Dagger!",
			dagger.ContainerWithNewFileOpts{Permissions: 0o400},
		).
		WithRegistryAuth(registry, username, password).
		Publish(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/my-nginx", registry, username))
}

Examples​

  • Publish a just-in-time container image to Docker Hub, using the account username user and the password set in the PASSWORD environment variable:

    dagger call publish --registry=docker.io --username=user --password=env:PASSWORD

  • Publish a just-in-time container image to GitHub Container Registry, using the account username user and the GitHub personal access token set in the PASSWORD environment variable:

    dagger call publish --registry=ghcr.io --username=user --password=env:PASSWORD

Publish a container image to a private registry with multiple tags​

The following Dagger Function tags a just-in-time container image multiple times and publishes it to a private registry.

package main

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"

	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Tag a container image multiple times and publish it to a private registry
func (m *MyModule) Publish(
	ctx context.Context,
	// Registry address
	registry string,
	// Registry username
	username string,
	// Registry password
	password *dagger.Secret,
) ([]string, error) {
	tags := [4]string{"latest", "1.0-alpine", "1.0", "1.0.0"}
	addr := []string{}
	ctr := dag.Container().
		From("nginx:1.23-alpine").
		WithNewFile(
			"/usr/share/nginx/html/index.html",
			"Hello from Dagger!",
			dagger.ContainerWithNewFileOpts{Permissions: 0o400},
		).
		WithRegistryAuth(registry, username, password)

	for _, tag := range tags {
		a, err := ctr.Publish(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/my-nginx:%s", registry, username, tag))
		if err != nil {
			return addr, err
		}
		addr = append(addr, a)
	}
	return addr, nil
}

Examples​

  • Tag and publish a just-in-time container image to Docker Hub, using the account username user and the password set in the PASSWORD environment variable:

    dagger call publish --registry=docker.io --username=user --password=env:PASSWORD

  • Tag and publish a just-in-time container image to GitHub Container Registry, using the account username user and the GitHub personal access token set in the PASSWORD environment variable:

    dagger call publish --registry=ghcr.io --username=user --password=env:PASSWORD

Export a directory or file to the host​

The following Dagger Functions return a just-in-time directory and file. These outputs can be exported to the host with dagger call ... export ....

package main

import "dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"

type MyModule struct{}

// Return a directory
func (m *MyModule) GetDir() *dagger.Directory {
	return m.Base().
		Directory("/src")
}

// Return a file
func (m *MyModule) GetFile() *dagger.File {
	return m.Base().
		File("/src/foo")
}

// Return a base container
func (m *MyModule) Base() *dagger.Container {
	return dag.Container().
		From("alpine:latest").
		WithExec([]string{"mkdir", "/src"}).
		WithExec([]string{"touch", "/src/foo", "/src/bar"})
}

Examples​

  • Export the directory returned by the Dagger Function to the /home/admin/export path on the host:

    dagger call get-dir export --path=/home/admin/export

  • Export the file returned by the Dagger Function to the /home/admin/myfile path on the host:

    dagger call get-file export --path=/home/admin/myfile

Export a container image to the host​

The following Dagger Function returns a just-in-time container. This can be exported to the host as an OCI tarball with dagger call ... export ....

package main

import "dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"

type MyModule struct{}

// Return a container
func (m *MyModule) Base() *dagger.Container {
	return dag.Container().
		From("alpine:latest").
		WithExec([]string{"mkdir", "/src"}).
		WithExec([]string{"touch", "/src/foo", "/src/bar"})
}

Example​

Export the container image returned by the Dagger Function as an OCI tarball to the /home/admin/mycontainer.tgz path on the host. This OCI tarball can then be loaded into Docker with docker load ....

dagger call base export --path=/home/admin/mycontainer.tgz

Optimizations​

Cache application dependencies​

The following Dagger Function uses a cache volume for application dependencies. This enables Dagger to reuse the contents of the cache across Dagger Function runs and reduce execution time.

package main

import "dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"

type MyModule struct{}

// Build an application using cached dependencies
func (m *MyModule) Build(
	// Source code location
	source *dagger.Directory,
) *dagger.Container {
	return dag.Container().
		From("golang:1.21").
		WithDirectory("/src", source).
		WithWorkdir("/src").
		WithMountedCache("/go/pkg/mod", dag.CacheVolume("go-mod-121")).
		WithEnvVariable("GOMODCACHE", "/go/pkg/mod").
		WithMountedCache("/go/build-cache", dag.CacheVolume("go-build-121")).
		WithEnvVariable("GOCACHE", "/go/build-cache").
		WithExec([]string{"go", "build"})
}

Example​

Build an application using cached dependencies:

dagger call build --source=.

Set environment variables in a container​

The following Dagger Function demonstrates how to set a single environment variable in a container.

package main

import (
	"context"

	"dagger.io/dagger/dag"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Set a single environment variable in a container
func (m *MyModule) SetEnvVar(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
	return dag.Container().
		From("alpine").
		WithEnvVariable("ENV_VAR", "VALUE").
		WithExec([]string{"env"}).
		Stdout(ctx)
}

The following Dagger Function demonstrates how to set multiple environment variables in a container.

package main

import (
	"context"

	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"

	"dagger.io/dagger/dag"
)

type MyModule struct{}

type EnvVar struct {
	Name  string
	Value string
}

// Set environment variables in a container
func (m *MyModule) SetEnvVars(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
	return dag.Container().
		From("alpine").
		With(EnvVariables([]*EnvVar{
			{"ENV_VAR_1", "VALUE 1"},
			{"ENV_VAR_2", "VALUE 2"},
			{"ENV_VAR_3", "VALUE 3"},
		})).
		WithExec([]string{"env"}).
		Stdout(ctx)
}

func EnvVariables(envs []*EnvVar) dagger.WithContainerFunc {
	return func(c *dagger.Container) *dagger.Container {
		for _, e := range envs {
			c = c.WithEnvVariable(e.Name, e.Value)
		}
		return c
	}
}

Example​

Set a single environment variable in a container:

dagger call set-env-var

Set multiple environment variables in a container:

dagger call set-env-vars

Persist service state across runs​

The following Dagger Function uses a cache volume to persist a Redis service's data across Dagger Function runs.

package main

import (
	"context"

	"main/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Create Redis service and client
func (m *MyModule) Redis(ctx context.Context) *dagger.Container {
	redisSrv := dag.Container().
		From("redis").
		WithExposedPort(6379).
		WithMountedCache("/data", dag.CacheVolume("my-redis")).
		WithWorkdir("/data").
		AsService()

	redisCLI := dag.Container().
		From("redis").
		WithServiceBinding("redis-srv", redisSrv).
		WithEntrypoint([]string{"redis-cli", "-h", "redis-srv"})

	return redisCLI
}

var execOpts = dagger.ContainerWithExecOpts{
	UseEntrypoint: true,
}

// Set key and value in Redis service
func (m *MyModule) Set(
	ctx context.Context,
	// The cache key to set
	key string,
	// The cache value to set
	value string,
) (string, error) {
	return m.Redis(ctx).
		WithExec([]string{"set", key, value}, execOpts).
		WithExec([]string{"save"}, execOpts).
		Stdout(ctx)
}

// Get value from Redis service
func (m *MyModule) Get(
	ctx context.Context,
	// The cache key to get
	key string,
) (string, error) {
	return m.Redis(ctx).
		WithExec([]string{"get", key}, execOpts).
		Stdout(ctx)
}

Example​

Save data to a Redis service which uses a cache volume to persist a key named foo with value `123:

dagger call set --key=foo --value=123

Retrieve the value of the key foo after recreating the service state from the cache volume:

# returns "123"
dagger call get --key=foo

Execute functions concurrently​

The following Dagger Function demonstrates how to use native-language concurrency features (errgroups in Go, task groups in Python), and promises in TypeScript to execute other Dagger Functions concurrently. If any of the concurrently-running functions fails, the remaining ones will be immediately cancelled.

package main

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"

	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"

	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
)

// Constructor
func New(
	source *dagger.Directory,
) *MyModule {
	return &MyModule{
		Source: source,
	}
}

type MyModule struct {
	Source *dagger.Directory
}

// Return the result of running unit tests
func (m *MyModule) Test(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
	return m.BuildEnv().
		WithExec([]string{"npm", "run", "test:unit", "run"}).
		Stdout(ctx)
}

// Return the result of running the linter
func (m *MyModule) Lint(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
	return m.BuildEnv().
		WithExec([]string{"npm", "run", "lint"}).
		Stdout(ctx)
}

// Return the result of running the type-checker
func (m *MyModule) Typecheck(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
	return m.BuildEnv().
		WithExec([]string{"npm", "run", "type-check"}).
		Stdout(ctx)
}

// Run linter, type-checker, unit tests concurrently
func (m *MyModule) RunAllTests(ctx context.Context) error {
	// Create error group
	eg, gctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)

	// Run linter
	eg.Go(func() error {
		_, err := m.Lint(gctx)
		return err
	})

	// Run type-checker
	eg.Go(func() error {
		_, err := m.Typecheck(gctx)
		return err
	})

	// Run unit tests
	eg.Go(func() error {
		_, err := m.Test(gctx)
		return err
	})

	// Wait for all tests to complete
	// If any test fails, the error will be returned
	return eg.Wait()
}

// Build a ready-to-use development environment
func (m *MyModule) BuildEnv() *dagger.Container {
	nodeCache := dag.CacheVolume("node")
	return dag.Container().
		From("node:21-slim").
		WithDirectory("/src", m.Source).
		WithMountedCache("/root/.npm", nodeCache).
		WithWorkdir("/src").
		WithExec([]string{"npm", "install"})
}

Example​

Execute a Dagger Function which performs different types of tests by executing other Dagger Functions concurrently.

dagger call --source=. run-all-tests

Error handling​

Terminate gracefully​

The following Dagger Function demonstrates how to handle errors in a pipeline.

package main

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"

	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

// Generate an error
func (m *MyModule) Test(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
	out, err := dag.
		Container().
		From("alpine").
		// ERROR: cat: read error: Is a directory
		WithExec([]string{"cat", "/"}).
		Stdout(ctx)
	var e *dagger.ExecError
	if errors.As(err, &e) {
		return fmt.Sprintf("Test pipeline failure: %s", e.Stderr), nil
	} else if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	return out, nil
}

Example​

Execute a Dagger Function which creates a container and runs a command in it. If the command fails, the error is captured and the Dagger Function is gracefully terminated with a custom error message.

dagger call test

Continue using a container after command execution fails​

The following Dagger Function demonstrates how to continue using a container after a command executed within it fails. A common use case for this is to export a report that a test suite tool generates.

note

The caveat with this approach is that forcing a zero exit code on a failure caches the failure. This may not be desired depending on the use case.

package main

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"

	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

var script = `#!/bin/sh
echo "Test Suite"
echo "=========="
echo "Test 1: PASS" | tee -a report.txt
echo "Test 2: FAIL" | tee -a report.txt
echo "Test 3: PASS" | tee -a report.txt
exit 1
`

type TestResult struct {
	Report   *dagger.File
	ExitCode int
}

// Handle errors
func (m *MyModule) Test(ctx context.Context) (*TestResult, error) {
	ctr, err := dag.
		Container().
		From("alpine").
		// add script with execution permission to simulate a testing tool
		WithNewFile("/run-tests", script, dagger.ContainerWithNewFileOpts{Permissions: 0o750}).
		// run-tests but allow any return code
		WithExec([]string{"/run-tests"}, dagger.ContainerWithExecOpts{Expect: dagger.Any}).
		// the result of `sync` is the container, which allows continued chaining
		Sync(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		// unexpected error, could be network failure.
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("run tests: %w", err)
	}
	// save report for inspection.
	report := ctr.File("report.txt")

	// use the saved exit code to determine if the tests passed.
	exitCode, err := ctr.ExitCode(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		// exit code not found
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get exit code: %w", err)
	}

	// Return custom type
	return &TestResult{
		Report:   report,
		ExitCode: exitCode,
	}, nil
}

Example​

Continue executing a Dagger Function even after a command within it fails. The Dagger Function returns a custom TestResult object containing a test report and the exit code of the failed command.

# get exit code
dagger call test exit-code

# get test report
dagger call test report contents

Debugging​

Dagger provides two features that can help greatly when trying to debug a pipeline - opening an interactive terminal session at the failure point, or at explicit breakpoints throughout your pipeline code. All context is available at the point of failure. Multiple terminals are supported in the same Dagger Function; they will open in sequence.

Debug container builds​

The following Dagger Function opens an interactive terminal session at different stages in a Dagger pipeline to debug a container build.

package main

import (
	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

func (m *MyModule) Container() *dagger.Container {
	return dag.Container().
		From("alpine:latest").
		Terminal().
		WithExec([]string{"sh", "-c", "echo hello world > /foo && cat /foo"}).
		Terminal()
}

Example​

Execute a Dagger Function to build a container, and open an interactive terminal at two different points in the build process. The interactive terminal enables you to inspect the container filesystem and environment "live", during the build process.

# inspect a container build
dagger call container

Inspect directories and files​

The following Dagger Function clones Dagger's GitHub repository and opens an interactive terminal session to inspect it. Under the hood, this creates a new container (defaults to alpine) and starts a shell, mounting the repository directory inside.

package main

import (
  "context"
)

type MyModule struct{}

func (m *MyModule) SimpleDirectory(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
	return dag.
		Git("https://github.com/dagger/dagger.git").
		Head().
		Tree().
		Terminal().
		File("README.md").
		Contents(ctx)
}

The container created to mount the directory can be customized using additional options. The following Dagger Function revised the previous example to demonstrate this, using an ubuntu container image and bash shell instead of the defaults.

package main

import (
	"context"
	"dagger/my-module/internal/dagger"
)

type MyModule struct{}

func (m *MyModule) AdvancedDirectory(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
	return dag.
		Git("https://github.com/dagger/dagger.git").
		Head().
		Tree().
		Terminal(dagger.DirectoryTerminalOpts{
			Container: dag.Container().From("ubuntu"),
			Cmd:       []string{"/bin/bash"},
		}).
		File("README.md").
		Contents(ctx)
}

Example​

Execute a Dagger Function to clone Dagger's GitHub repository and open a terminal session in the repository directory:

# inspect a directory
dagger call simple-directory

Execute another Dagger Function that does the same as the previous one, except using an ubuntu container image as base and initializing the terminal with the bash shell:

# inspect a directory
dagger call advanced-directory